Forum: Influenza Genome Project 2

continued from :


http://www.fluwikie2.com/pmwiki.php?n=Forum.InfluenzaGenomeProject

A very interesting paper has just been published in Emerging Infectious Diseases Genomic Signatures of Human versus Avian Influenza A Viruses which compared a large number of human and avian influenza A sequences and found 52 ‘species-associated’ positions, where specific mutations may enable avian viruses to become a human virus.

There were 21 out of 95 avian viruses that contained one or more of these changes and with full length segments. (Table below).

“We found that 19 of 21 strains contained >1 species-associated amino acid change, and 7 of them contained >2 substitutions; A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7) had the highest count for mutation accumulation (3 positions). Among these 52 species-associated signatures, the mutation combinations at positions PB2 199 and PA 409 were most commonly seen in H5N1 human isolates from Hong Kong in 1997.”

Further, “most of these (40 of 52) are located in viral ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) (PB2, PB1, PA, and NP), which are essential for viral replication. Taubenberger et al. reported 10 amino acid residues that distinguish human and avian influenza viral polymerases (3). Six of them were also identified in this study.”

The 10 changes reported by Taubenberger are as follows, the bold ones are the six found in this study:

1. PB2 199
2. PB2 475
3. PB2 567
4. PB2 627
5. PB2 702
6. PB1 375
7. PA 55
8. PA 100
9. PA 382
10. PA 552

Characterization of the 1918 influenza virus polymerase genes, Taubenberger et al, Nature

COMMENT: There does seem to be some correspondence between these changes and virulence in humans, since there is a disproportionate number of the 1997 H5N1 (which infected 18 people within a short time) having >1 mutation.

Notice also that the only virus with 3 changes was H7N7 from the 2003 outbreak in Netherlands, which caused 89 cases among poultry workers, 1 of which was fatal. Also, subsequent seroconversion data showed 58.9% of family members becoming positive despite no exposure.

Human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A/H7N7, The Netherlands, 2003

anon 22 19:30

 “How many mutations would make an avian virus capable of infecting humans efficiently, or how many mutations would render an influenza virus a pandemic strain, is difficult to predict.”

Kind of says it all…doesn’t it.

yes, but the 3 mutations for H7N7 scares me. It doesn’t seem to take a lot.

Thank you Anon_22

The H1N1 pandemic virus had 16 of the 52 apecies signature changes, so a virus doesn’t need all the 52 changes. Does the chart above (of 1 and 2 and 3 changes) include the entire sequence, or is that only looking at a specific nine site sites? I find it hard to believe there are only 2 changes in H5N1 and would like to know how many of the 52 species signature it has.

NJ,

There chart showed all the avian ones that had the mutations. But it could be due to limited availability of samples.

There are other additional details in the paper including the significance of PB1-F2 so it’s well worth reading.

annon 22. These things are intriguing and of scientific interest but I believe we can do it phenotypically and intuitively like in the past.

I still believe H5N1 is going to make all the changes at once and pop up.

Tom DVM – at 20:32 Selecting vaccines phenotypically and intuitively is what produced the last few years’ poor matches of seasonal influenza vaccines to circulating strains. There are numerical matching techniques that are less influenced by personal bias that would be expected to do much better. The technical term for thinking you can do this phenotypically and intuitively is ‘hubris’, although ‘pride’ works, too.

anon_22

It appears to me that this quote: “At 9 of these 52 positions, residue changes were characteristic of human rather than avian viruses” signifies that the chart only represents 9 of the 52 signature positions. For one thing, the top of the chart does not represent the 8 genome segments but only where the 9 specific positions are located. For one thing, NP has 15 signature positions but isn’t even on the chart. PA has 10 signature position and only shows one position on the chart. PB2 has 8 signature position and only three are shown; and so on… Hence it is only a partial list, 1/6 of the possible 54 species signature positions.

I’d like to have the nucleotide-positions, assuming each amino-acid change corresponds
to one nucleotide-changing. And there are probably more than 52 relevant changes then
including the synonymous changes.
And then we should see, how i.e. the human/avian H5N1-viruses behave at these positions especially those in Indonesia. (the paper considered all flu, not only H5N1 and they didn’t yet have the released Indonesian sequences)

Try to figure this out- the baseline for an avian virus sequence is a consensus of 95 avian sequences, 60 of which are HP H5N1. Some of the other samples were from high path outbreaks, such as the H7N7 Netherland sequence. This is already not representative of a normal low path avian virus. H5N1 has presumably made some mammalian adaptations, but that is not being separated out and won’t show up. Here’s a quote from the article:

“Although we intended to analyze a comprehensive set of avian versus human influenza A viral genomes, the available sequences are predominated by H5N1 in avian viruses and H3N2 in human viruses. The short supply of sequences other than those 2 subtypes may inevitably cause a certain amount of bias in our results.”

I don’t understand why the H5N1 sequences are not judged, as a third category, between a regular nonspecie-crossing avian virus, and a regular human virus. Then we could better to see where the differences are and what the distance is for a new pandemic.

anonymous – at 23:06 I’d like to have the nucleotide-positions, assuming each amino-acid change corresponds to one nucleotide-changing. And there are probably more than 52 relevant changes then including the synonymous changes.

The paper and the full supplementary information should all be at the link that I posted.

NJ. Preppie – at 23:57

That’s a good point, although they did also say this:

2At the completion of this study, we noticed a recent article by Obenauer et al., who had made 169 newly sequenced avian influenza viral genomes available to GenBank on January 26, 2006 (34); these were not included in our analysis. We checked on our 52 signature positions against these new genomes and found only 2 of them that showed an entropy value slightly over our threshold –0.4. These are PB1-F2 87 and HA 237, with entropy values of –0.522, and –0.692, respectively.”

As the Influenza Genome Project continues, more and more varieties of sequences available, whether avian, human, swine, or others.

Anon_22

  The 52 sites were picked as the differences between the mostly H5N1 sequences and the human viruses. That would leave out the important signature differences that would occur if they started all over again comparing LPAI with human for a new set of signature sites. As you see in that quote tyhey are only comparing the 52 site differences which were acquired essentially between H5N1 and human flu. Think of the difference of looking at only those 52 sites versus the thousands of sites in the real bird AI sequences. This takes away a lot of meaning in this project except for the generalities of where there are more mutations. It will be misleading as that 52 signature sites is the difference to a regular H3N2, which would not be a pandemic virus, just a “thank God” regular flu. The 16 changes in the 1918 H1N1 versus a low path Avian Influenza would be more important to understand.

low path vs. high path. won’t necessarily make much difference in the sequences. With nucleotides I get 382 significant differences in PB2,292 in PB1,342 in PA, 269 in NP or 64,42,66,63 if I discard base3-differences in the codons. (67 representative normal H3N2 and 62 representative modern H5N1).


I’m also wondering, why they didn’t take the 15785(!) sequences in the first step.

NJ, Yes, I don’t think this is the last word on the issue, more like a first study. Also, the additional 169 genomes, are they H5N1? I haven’t checked yet.

214 genomes available at genbank since yesterday ! 38 new ones, mostly from Indonesia

I just checked. The 169 has a whole variety of different avian subtypes, its not all H5N1. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/1121586/DC1/1

Anonymous- I don’t mean low path so much as avoiding basing the avian consnsus on H5N1 since it is infecting many mammals already. I would like to see a set avian species signatures that left out H5N1, then compare that to the human viruses to get the “X” amount of signature sites of differences between humans and bird viruses. Then we could see where H5N1 falls in the mutation differences between the species. I would have thought the point was to understand the transission process of a new pandemic virus, not just how different H5N1 is from H3N2.

NJ, They could only work with what was available then. As more whole genomes become available, we will find out more.

bump

Would love to be able to read this more easily.

NJ, since anything is somehow avian except maybe H3N2,
and since H3N2 is currently most successfull in infecting humans,
I thought the best we can do is comparing H3N2
(>1000 genomes available !) with H5N1.
The remaining genes, except HA,NA, that is.
We could also include H9 on the avian side and H1
for both, avian and human.
The other idea is, to restrict to H5N1 and compare
avian and human H5N1 - the data for these are increasing
in Indonesia.
What I will do next is, taking my representative 67 H3N2
and 62 H5N1 and “rate” the avian and human H5N1 by it.
This is basically just looking which H5N1 got the most
polymorphisms typical for H3N2 in genes PB2,PB1,PA,NP

OK, here is what I get.
high score = avian-like, low score: H3N2-like (human)


PB2:
.1579234946372085 > 343 blackheadedGl/HK/12.1/03
.1573836822291477 > 364 Ck/IDN/PA/03
.1555196149630548 > 087 Ck/Salatiga/BBVet-I/05
.1552221853226582 > 285 Dk/Guangxi/351/04
.155153555777169 > 370 Dk/China/E319–2/03
.1548559152081644 > 134 Dk/VNM/283/05
.1545831144472668 > 359 Ck/HK/SSP141/03
.1545362654534458 > 008 IDN/298H/06
.1542219251161441 > 225 Ck/Purwakarta/BBVet-IV/04
.1539782531400162 > 264 Ck/VNM/39/04
.1539081023416456 > 242 Ck/VNM/134/04
.153702208687762 > 407 greyheron/HK/861.1/02
.1534155529135381 > 207 Ck/Henan/16/04
.1534067851430001 > 198 Ck/Guangdong/178/04
.1530204755009005 > 159 IDN/5/05
.15281094929754 > 369 Dk/YN/6445/03
.1527158435979333 > 332 VNM/3046/04
.1526666999334075 > 360 Ck/HK/WF157/03
.1525452702212547 > 176 Qa/Guangxi/575/05
.1523964454889867 > 254 Ck/Yogjakarta/BBVet-IX/04
.1523920902055116 > 154 IDN/175H/05
.152290506244294 > 085 Ck/Magetan/BBVW/05
.1520261401560061 > 213 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVet-XII-1/04
.1519160448555268 > 399 Dk/HK/821/02
.1517305857236415 > 276 Dk/Guangdong/173/04
.1516528772218806 > 251 Ck/VNM/C58/04
.1515583231664015 > 215 Ck/Kupang-1-NTT/BPPV6/04
.1511719832266272 > 073 Ck/Dairi/BPPVI/05
.1509796939598097 > 156 IDN/239H/05
.1508587908701721 > 391 Ck/HK/3169.1/02
.1508056585135873 > 137 Dk/VNM/376/05
.1506657012154169 > 086 Ck/Purworejo/BBVW/05
.1505483922372308 > 011 IDN/341H/06
.1505380652691641 > 361 Ck/HK/YU324/03
.1503132561968226 > 099 Ck/Yunnan/447/05
.1502827312038727 > 160 IDN/6/05
.1500805452041197 > 311 peregrinefalcon/HK/D0028/04
.1498829686577154 > 178 Qa/THA/NakhonPathom/QA-161/05
.1498484465215976 > 082 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVW/05
.1497805910769098 > 043 IDN/CDC624E/06
.1496220949712087 > 337 VNM/CL100/04
.1495688771291428 > 147 Gs/Shantou/1621/05
.1494003335185545 > 092 Ck/THA/Kanchanaburi/CK-160/05
.1492350019812747 > 041 IDN/CDC623E/06
.1492138696856636 > 366 Dk/HN/5806/03
.1492036826120881 > 133 Dk/VNM/272/05
.1491379350525932 > 161 IDN/7/05
.1488693554170854 > 267 crestedeagle/Belgium/01/04
.1485171978978702 > 329 VNM/1194/04
.148295513738305 > 372 Dk/Shantou/4610/03
.1482031140288319 > 015 IDN/538H/06
.1478283011889608 > 199 Ck/Guangdong/191/04
.1476649810790322 > 075 Ck/Fujian/1042/05
.1475725427100604 > 076 Ck/Guangxi/604/05
.1470521259324876 > 079 Ck/Hunan/999/05
.1468735020656727 > 181 THA/676/05
.1468564603468718 > 115 Dk/Guangzhou/20/05
.1461192103711431 > 081 Ck/IDN/CDC25/05
.146046597930399 > 177 Qa/Shantou/911/05
.1459215301041493 > 054 Zhejiang/16/06
.1449403483498255 > 062 barheadedGs/QH/62/05
.1401105333017087 > 388 Ck/HK/96.1/02
PB1:
.1199215552077962 > 366 Dk/HN/5806/03
.1198714097108547 > 391 Ck/HK/3169.1/02
.119585068106621 > 254 Ck/Yogjakarta/BBVet-IX/04
.1194354929536095 > 407 greyheron/HK/861.1/02
.119333076648793 > 225 Ck/Purwakarta/BBVet-IV/04
.1190808410133064 > 369 Dk/YN/6445/03
.1183048533718608 > 242 Ck/VNM/134/04
.1182923232006319 > 087 Ck/Salatiga/BBVet-I/05
.1182878988297687 > 359 Ck/HK/SSP141/03
.1179825496820621 > 343 blackheadedGl/HK/12.1/03
.1179715540786119 > 361 Ck/HK/YU324/03
.1179383346664152 > 099 Ck/Yunnan/447/05
.1178275345643955 > 213 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVet-XII-1/04
.1177406971318819 > 134 Dk/VNM/283/05
.1176491987383329 > 388 Ck/HK/96.1/02
.11726284990245 > 360 Ck/HK/WF157/03
.1169103472016878 > 215 Ck/Kupang-1-NTT/BPPV6/04
.1168406181163902 > 364 Ck/IDN/PA/03
.1167243496641855 > 133 Dk/VNM/272/05
.1164338626638156 > 137 Dk/VNM/376/05
.1160115224777375 > 285 Dk/Guangxi/351/04
.1153841490099269 > 086 Ck/Purworejo/BBVW/05
.1153158648502134 > 207 Ck/Henan/16/04
.1149484418723502 > 079 Ck/Hunan/999/05
.1142765182758038 > 332 VNM/3046/04
.1138869553498063 > 041 IDN/CDC623E/06
.1138714701002973 > 160 IDN/6/05
.1138668019538893 > 082 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVW/05
.1137690907664518 > 161 IDN/7/05
.1136886394390511 > 085 Ck/Magetan/BBVW/05
.1136557702020277 > 159 IDN/5/05
.1135375650962601 > 043 IDN/CDC624E/06
.1130889849437522 > 264 Ck/VNM/39/04
.1130608146533048 > 370 Dk/China/E319–2/03
.1128766904108726 > 073 Ck/Dairi/BPPVI/05
.1128278116246347 > 156 IDN/239H/05
.1127963608288497 > 198 Ck/Guangdong/178/04
.1126806703671268 > 399 Dk/HK/821/02
.1125125969884132 > 267 crestedeagle/Belgium/01/04
.1122814657700548 > 015 IDN/538H/06
.112156063785967 > 081 Ck/IDN/CDC25/05
.1118895232831788 > 337 VNM/CL100/04
.1118654699355959 > 154 IDN/175H/05
.1117981957974704 > 199 Ck/Guangdong/191/04
.1117846814683939 > 329 VNM/1194/04
.1117284210834889 > 276 Dk/Guangdong/173/04
.111529100830445 > 311 peregrinefalcon/HK/D0028/04
.1111736764857871 > 092 Ck/THA/Kanchanaburi/CK-160/05
.11114897016835 > 251 Ck/VNM/C58/04
.1111311178081184 > 011 IDN/341H/06
.1108718169233031 > 076 Ck/Guangxi/604/05
.1106842562749871 > 177 Qa/Shantou/911/05
.1100911917702855 > 372 Dk/Shantou/4610/03
.1098318492769505 > 178 Qa/THA/NakhonPathom/QA-161/05
.1096141039208235 > 176 Qa/Guangxi/575/05
.1094353352090249 > 062 barheadedGs/QH/62/05
.1092202379413416 > 008 IDN/298H/06
.1088617520420804 > 075 Ck/Fujian/1042/05
.1084696966296512 > 115 Dk/Guangzhou/20/05
.1063987727402635 > 181 THA/676/05
.1058073659801139 > 147 Gs/Shantou/1621/05
PA:
.153405815368126 > 215 Ck/Kupang-1-NTT/BPPV6/04
.1498780226467608 > 177 Qa/Shantou/911/05
.1495918105468682 > 254 Ck/Yogjakarta/BBVet-IX/04
.1484161673954689 > 099 Ck/Yunnan/447/05
.1482374762205358 > 147 Gs/Shantou/1621/05
.1475950371092172 > 311 peregrinefalcon/HK/D0028/04
.1473184512374963 > 199 Ck/Guangdong/191/04
.1472890583902859 > 134 Dk/VNM/283/05
.1471440386153736 > 364 Ck/IDN/PA/03
.1469922022662818 > 137 Dk/VNM/376/05
.1468881888942119 > 085 Ck/Magetan/BBVW/05
.1467878410486993 > 115 Dk/Guangzhou/20/05
.1467399218196741 > 087 Ck/Salatiga/BBVet-I/05
.1467382596404981 > 075 Ck/Fujian/1042/05
.1467034415112381 > 225 Ck/Purwakarta/BBVet-IV/04
.1465141797443485 > 369 Dk/YN/6445/03
.1465081546317485 > 329 VNM/1194/04
.146414560683283 > 076 Ck/Guangxi/604/05
.1461715655581889 > 213 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVet-XII-1/04
.1459849142334033 > 207 Ck/Henan/16/04
.1459167932082808 > 251 Ck/VNM/C58/04
.1458048350050187 > 399 Dk/HK/821/02
.145706030620197 > 082 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVW/05
.1457032226562514 > 159 IDN/5/05
.1456952586381347 > 161 IDN/7/05
.1455597844708278 > 062 barheadedGs/QH/62/05
.1455131664302026 > 264 Ck/VNM/39/04
.1454020623260966 > 360 Ck/HK/WF157/03
.1452888608809008 > 267 crestedeagle/Belgium/01/04
.1452142219129524 > 178 Qa/THA/NakhonPathom/QA-161/05
.1452041970930001 > 156 IDN/239H/05
.1451467986001411 > 081 Ck/IDN/CDC25/05
.1444884390454117 > 361 Ck/HK/YU324/03
.1441229749233165 > 079 Ck/Hunan/999/05
.1437947294556969 > 086 Ck/Purworejo/BBVW/05
.1437218541915267 > 154 IDN/175H/05
.1436245179006857 > 133 Dk/VNM/272/05
.1435453447401594 > 370 Dk/China/E319–2/03
.1435279611087421 > 276 Dk/Guangdong/173/04
.1434705447606967 > 092 Ck/THA/Kanchanaburi/CK-160/05
.1434137812710954 > 043 IDN/CDC624E/06
.1429987738042634 > 041 IDN/CDC623E/06
.1429613145535268 > 073 Ck/Dairi/BPPVI/05
.1426177991627134 > 011 IDN/341H/06
.1424010622202822 > 285 Dk/Guangxi/351/04
.1423553595327305 > 160 IDN/6/05
.1421068110147085 > 181 THA/676/05
.1419835238681439 > 008 IDN/298H/06
.141765172556799 > 198 Ck/Guangdong/178/04
.1417491918300455 > 332 VNM/3046/04
.1404195423410447 > 407 greyheron/HK/861.1/02
.1403728011966105 > 343 blackheadedGl/HK/12.1/03
.1402372825240876 > 337 VNM/CL100/04
.139529039969681 > 372 Dk/Shantou/4610/03
.1388644233158666 > 015 IDN/538H/06
.1385127333103516 > 366 Dk/HN/5806/03
.1383898839972842 > 391 Ck/HK/3169.1/02
.1379698406842848 > 359 Ck/HK/SSP141/03
.1378819363786185 > 176 Qa/Guangxi/575/05
.1340325000129047 > 388 Ck/HK/96.1/02
.1255926641593717 > 242 Ck/VNM/134/04

NP:
.1735804789601883 > 388 Ck/HK/96.1/02
.1713352738867069 > 399 Dk/HK/821/02
.171246710015765 > 359 Ck/HK/SSP141/03
.1709337607226924 > 207 Ck/Henan/16/04
.1708762316847752 > 160 IDN/6/05
.1704503749876374 > 133 Dk/VNM/272/05
.1699263136884112 > 364 Ck/IDN/PA/03
.1694505053985643 > 369 Dk/YN/6445/03
.1694200848307049 > 073 Ck/Dairi/BPPVI/05
.1692553713523615 > 198 Ck/Guangdong/178/04
.1690562436366644 > 366 Dk/HN/5806/03
.1690126328580446 > 137 Dk/VNM/376/05
.1690046831375706 > 391 Ck/HK/3169.1/02
.1689964033295621 > 343 blackheadedGl/HK/12.1/03
.1689569581906907 > 361 Ck/HK/YU324/03
.1686990733284784 > 264 Ck/VNM/39/04
.1684515801072623 > 370 Dk/China/E319–2/03
.1679338401740773 > 086 Ck/Purworejo/BBVW/05
.1679283319239206 > 407 greyheron/HK/861.1/02
.1674924337715014 > 054 Zhejiang/16/06
.1674391245212145 > 337 VNM/CL100/04
.1669355634809534 > 159 IDN/5/05
.1668171228852244 > 276 Dk/Guangdong/173/04
.1667092642815899 > 082 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVW/05
.1664353182063641 > 329 VNM/1194/04
.1664234060804156 > 041 IDN/CDC623E/06
.1663686031434243 > 085 Ck/Magetan/BBVW/05
.1662918433604757 > 251 Ck/VNM/C58/04
.1660926432827001 > 285 Dk/Guangxi/351/04
.1660095279151468 > 242 Ck/VNM/134/04
.1658375298107329 > 081 Ck/IDN/CDC25/05
.1658016032880709 > 043 IDN/CDC624E/06
.1656016738930933 > 015 IDN/538H/06
.1655688426065738 > 008 IDN/298H/06
.1654300360646691 > 092 Ck/THA/Kanchanaburi/CK-160/05
.1653696908753596 > 178 Qa/THA/NakhonPathom/QA-161/05
.1646530518629601 > 011 IDN/341H/06
.1645777869004395 > 062 barheadedGs/QH/62/05
.1645522149420291 > 267 crestedeagle/Belgium/01/04
.164459252701771 > 176 Qa/Guangxi/575/05
.1642578156147845 > 181 THA/676/05
.1641892978974463 > 332 VNM/3046/04
.1641030298314199 > 134 Dk/VNM/283/05
.1638819270085146 > 225 Ck/Purwakarta/BBVet-IV/04
.1637108712362984 > 154 IDN/175H/05
.1636750656493872 > 199 Ck/Guangdong/191/04
.1636479112854343 > 161 IDN/7/05
.1633599917755796 > 079 Ck/Hunan/999/05
.1633529948739641 > 311 peregrinefalcon/HK/D0028/04
.1631745608455204 > 177 Qa/Shantou/911/05
.1625260800839129 > 215 Ck/Kupang-1-NTT/BPPV6/04
.1618961308854727 > 360 Ck/HK/WF157/03
.1615437554513077 > 076 Ck/Guangxi/604/05
.1614891062283263 > 156 IDN/239H/05
.1613462739338984 > 213 Ck/KulonProgo/BBVet-XII-1/04
.1608985243823299 > 115 Dk/Guangzhou/20/05
.1604193588943865 > 099 Ck/Yunnan/447/05
.1599837208852031 > 372 Dk/Shantou/4610/03
.1599133464480305 > 087 Ck/Salatiga/BBVet-I/05
.1593334257378019 > 075 Ck/Fujian/1042/05
.1589279844480527 > 254 Ck/Yogjakarta/BBVet-IX/04
.158747837384866 > 147 Gs/Shantou/1621/05

here is an excert from the scoring by that method for some H5N1-viruses.
the scores for those 4 genes were just added.
Early viruses i.e. HK/97 were much more human like in this list
than modern H5N1

human like (H3N2):
----------------------------------

 .2375 treesparrow/Henan/3/04
 .2471 HK/483/97
 .2725 Dk/VNM/8/05
 .3769 Dk/Shandong/093/04
 .4373 Ck/HK/822.1/01
 .4468 Gs/Guangxi/2112/04
 .4574 swine/Fujian/F1/01
 .5250 crow/Osaka/102/04
 .5542 Co/Astrakhan/Ast05–2−8/05
 .5574 grebe/Tyva/Tyv06–2/06
 .5578 Dk/Shantou/4610/03
 .5590 Ck/VNM/32/04
 .5595 Dk/Fujian/897/05
 .5596 THA/676/05
 .5599 Dk/Kurgan/08/05
 .5601 THA/NK165/05
 .5602 Turkey/65596/06
 .5607 IDN/CDC582/06
 .5626 IDN/CDC597/06
 .5732 VNM/1194/04
 .5773 IDN/6/05
 .5791 Dk/VNM/258/04
 .5792 leopard/Suphanburi/THA/Leo-1/04
 .5793 IDN/5/05
 .5890 Ck/Kupang-2-NTT/BPPV6/04
 .5898 Ck/THA/73/04
 .5900 Dk/Hunan/191/05
 .5928 Qa/Boyolali/BPPV4/04
 .6052 Ck/IDN/5/04
--------------------------
avian-like (distant to human H3N2)

>><<

07 November 2006

Closed to maintain Forum speed.